After each state learns its new number of districts, the lines need to be redrawn so that each district has roughly the same number of people. All states have to be redistricted to account for population shifts, but states that have gained or lost seats—like Pennsylvania—tend to have the most changes.
Congressional redistricting in Pennsylvania is done through the regular legislative process. A bill defining district boundaries is passed by both the PA House and Senate and signed by the governor.
If the legislature and governor belong to the same party, that party, can end up with exclusive control over the result. PA House and Senate districts are called state legislative districts.
Article II, Section 17, of the Pennsylvania Constitution mandates that these districts be drawn by a five-member commission. Four of these are the majority and minority leaders of the PA House and Senate. These four pick a fifth person to be chair. This commission has exclusive authority to draw the maps. This gives party leaders enormous power over the mapping process.
In effect, it also lets incumbents draw their own districts—a clear conflict of interest from the start. Sometimes, districts stayed the same despite population shifts because of an underlying philosophy: several state Senate systems were modeled after the federal Senate, with representation for counties as such rather than the population therein. Sometimes, districts stayed the same because of political advantage or neglect: from through , the Tennessee legislature simply ignored a state constitutional requirement to redraw district lines.
In either case, the result was that some districts grew much larger than others. In a series of cases starting in the mids, the Supreme Court decided that this sort of population disparity violated the U.
It required roughly equal population for each legislative district. This meant that district boundaries would have to be periodically readjusted, to account for new population information. So now, after the Census is conducted at the start of a new decade, district boundaries have to be redrawn. New Feature! By Aug. By Sept. Prisoner reallocation: Michigan does not reallocate prisoners. Avoid pairing incumbents permitted but not required; legislative only.
Prohibition on intentionally favoring or disfavoring an incumbent legislative only. With no new maps adopted by the state constitutional deadline, the state Supreme Court appointed a panel to draw new maps, which were adopted in February State senate and house : The legislature passed HF in May , but the governor vetoed the bill and the legislature did not override. Prisoner reallocation: Minnesota does not reallocate prisoners. Avoid pairing incumbents permitted but not required congressional only.
A federal court adopted new maps for the state in December State senate : The legislature passed JR 1 in May Those maps were in effect until , when a federal court struck down one district District 22 for violating Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act.
The court adopted a new map for the legislative elections. The state has appealed that decision, and the case is ongoing. Prisoner reallocation: Mississippi does not reallocate prisoners. Competitiveness legislative only Proportionality legislative only. The state demographer must accept comments, records, documents, maps, data files, communications or information of any kind relating to the redistricting process solely through the Redistricting Public Comment Portal. Public hearings and access : Within five months of appointment, the commission must file a proposed redistricting plan with the secretary.
State senate : The commission failed to adopt new maps. A backup body adopted new state Senate maps in December ; those were struck down by the state Supreme Court for unnecessarily dividing counties. In that opinion, the court also held the backup body did not have authority to revise its maps, so a new commission was convened to draw remedial senate maps , which it did in March State house : The commission failed to adopt new House maps.
A backup body adopted new maps in December Commission composition: Partisan breakdown: Senate commission : Nine members from the party receiving the highest number of votes in the last gubernatorial election and nine members from the party receiving the second-highest number of votes in the last gubernatorial election.
Functionally, nine Republicans, nine Democrats. House commission : Five members from the party receiving the highest number of votes in the last gubernatorial election and five members from the party receiving second-highest number of votes in last gubernatorial election. Functionally, five Republicans, five Democrats. Qualifications: None to serve. Members of the commission shall be disqualified from holding office as members of the General Assembly for four years following the date of the filing by the commission of its final statement of apportionment.
Selection of commissioners: Senate commission : Lists of two potential commissioners from each congressional district are submitted by the two main political parties by total votes cast in last gubernatorial election.
House commission : Lists of 10 potential commissioners are submitted by the two main political parties by total votes cast in last gubernatorial election.
Prisoner reallocation: Missouri does not reallocate prisoners. Prohibition on intentionally favoring or disfavoring an incumbent or party. Prohibition on using partisan data except as required by a court in drawing a remedy. State senate and house : The commission made its initial recommendations to the legislature in January After receiving feedback, it adopted final maps in February Functionally, two Democrats, two Republicans, one unaffiliated.
Selection of commissioners: One member is chosen by each of the following: Senate majority leader. Senate minority leader. House majority leader. House minority leader.
Those four commissioners choose a fifth commissioner to serve as chair. If they are unable to do so, the state Supreme Court selects the fifth commissioner. Prisoner reallocation: Montana does not reallocate prisoners. Preservation of cores of prior districts. Prohibition on intentionally favoring party, group or person legislative only.
Prohibition on intentionally protecting an incumbent congressional only. Public access and input rules: None required in statute; however, the Nebraska rules contain several such provisions: Public comment and testimony : After statistics and plans are made publicly available, the committee shall schedule and hold, as expeditiously as reasonably possible, at least one public hearing in each congressional district of the state to solicit input on the proposed plans.
Public hearings and access : The committee shall at the earliest feasible time make available to the public the substantive guidelines prepared by the committee. Prisoner reallocation: Nebraska does not reallocate prisoners.
Avoid pairing incumbents. State senate : The legislature passed SB and in March State house : The legislature passed HB in March The governor vetoed the bill, but the veto was overridden and the bill became law.
Prisoner reallocation: New Hampshire does not reallocate prisoners. Who draws state house lines: New Jersey Apportionment Commission.
Who draws congressional lines: New Jersey Redistricting Commission. Criteria used for legislative redistricting: Compactness. Public access and input rules: Public map submissions : The congressional commission must review written plans for congressional districts submitted by members of the public time permitting. Public hearings and access : The congressional commission shall hold at least three public hearings in different parts of the state.
Notice : The congressional commission must give public notice 24 hours before meeting to vote on certifying final maps. State senate and house : The commission approved new maps in April see here.
Commission composition: Partisan breakdown: Congressional commission : Six Democrats, six Republicans. Those 12 select a 13th commissioner to serve as chair. If they are unable to select the 13th member, they will present two names to the state Supreme Court, which will choose the chair.
Legislative commission : Five Democrats, five Republicans. If those 10 cannot agree on a map, an 11th tiebreaking member in practice, unaffiliated with either major party is chosen by the chief justice of the state Supreme Court. Qualifications: Congressional commission : Commissioners may not be congressmembers or their employees. The selection process shall give due consideration to geographic, ethnic and racial diversity.
Legislative commission : The selection process shall give due consideration to the representation of the various geographical areas of the state. Selection of commissioners: Congressional commission : Two members appointed by the president of the Senate.
Two members appointed by the speaker of the General Assembly. Two members appointed by the minority leader of the Senate. Two members appointed by the minority leader of the General Assembly. Two members appointed by the chairman of the state committee of the political party whose candidate for governor received the largest number of votes at the most recent gubernatorial election.
Two members appointed by the chairman of the state committee of the political party whose candidate for governor received the second-largest number of votes at the most recent gubernatorial election. Legislative commission : Five members appointed by the chairman of the party receiving the largest number of votes at the most recent gubernatorial election. Five members appointed by the chairman of the party receiving the second-largest number of votes at the most recent gubernatorial election.
If those 10 commissioners deadlock on a plan, the chief justice of the state Supreme Court will appoint an 11th member to break the tie. Preserving the cores of prior districts permitted but not required.
Maps were ultimately adopted by a state district court. State Senate : Legislature passed S. The Senate maps were ultimately adopted by a state district court. State House : Legislature passed H. On remand, the state district court adopted new maps. Prisoner reallocation: New Mexico does not reallocate prisoners. Prohibition on favoring or disfavoring an incumbent, candidate or party.
Public access and input rules: Public map submissions : At least 30 days before the first public hearing, the commission must make all maps and their underlying information or data publicly available so the public may develop alternative plans to present to the commission at public hearings. Notice : Notice of hearings shall be widely published and in a reasonable time before all such hearings.
Commission composition: Partisan Breakdown: None required for the legislatively appointed members. The commissioner-appointed members may not be registered with either of the two largest parties in the state by voter registration. Functionally, four Democrats, four Republicans and two of neither of those parties. Qualifications: Only registered New York voters are eligible to serve as commissioners.
Additionally, no member shall within the last three years: Be or have been a member of the New York state legislature or United States Congress or a statewide elected official. Be or have been a state officer or employee or legislative employee. Be or have been a registered lobbyist in New York state. Be or have been a political party chairman. Be the spouse of a statewide elected official or of any member of Congress or of the state legislature. To the extent practicable, the members of the commission shall reflect the diversity of the residents of New York with regard to race, ethnicity, gender, language and geographic residence.
Selection of commissioners: Two members each shall be appointed by: The temporary president of the Senate. The speaker of the Assembly. The minority leader of the Senate. The minority leader of the Assembly. Those eight commissioners shall approve, by a majority vote, two additional members who have not for the past five years been registered with either of the two political parties containing the largest or second largest number of registered voters within the state.
The task fell to a federal court, which adopted new maps in May Legislative : The legislature passed A in March Two weeks later, the legislature passed technical corrections to the new maps. Prisoner reallocation: New York began reallocating prisoners during the cycle.
Summary For all redistricting up through the cycle, the power to draw new district maps in New York—like in the vast majority of states—rested with the state legislature. Preservation of communities of interest legislative only. Litigation began shortly thereafter. In , the U. However, litigation began against map on partisan gerrymandering grounds.
The plaintiffs twice prevailed before a federal three-judge panel in January and, following orders by the U. Supreme Court to reconsider their opinion in light of Gill v. Whitford , in August The Supreme Court reversed the August ruling in the landmark case of Rucho v.
Common Cause. Having failed in federal court, plaintiffs filed a new lawsuit in state court arguing that the map violated various provisions of the state Constitution. In October , the state court issued a preliminary injunction against the map for probable violations of the state Constitution.
It then passed technical corrections to the Senate and House maps in November In , a federal three-judge panel struck down parts of both maps on racial gerrymandering grounds.
The U. In response, the legislature passed remedial maps for the Senate and House in August , although these remedies went beyond the districts it was ordered to redraw and included the recrafting of several districts in a different part of the state. Prisoner reallocation: North Carolina does not reallocate prisoners. State senate and house : The legislature passed HB during a special session in November Prisoner reallocation: North Dakota does not reallocate prisoners.
Criteria used: Compactness congressional only; must attempt to achieve for legislative districts. Public access and input rules: Public map submissions : The legislature or commission shall facilitate and allow for the submission of proposed congressional district maps by members of the public.
Submitted maps must include a legal description of the boundaries and all electronic data needed to create a congressional district map. Public comment and testimony : The legislature or commission must seek public input on proposed legislative maps at public hearings. If the General Assembly has not adopted a final legislative map by Sept.
Public hearings and access : Before the legislature or commission adopts a congressional map, a joint committee of the legislature and commission shall hold at least two public hearings on a proposed congressional map. After introducing but before adopting a legislative map, the proposed map must be released to the public. The commission must conduct at least three public hearings across the state to present the map and shall seek public input regarding the proposed legislative map.
All meetings of the commission are open to the public and are to be broadcast by electronic transmission that is readily accessible to the public. Constitutional language implicitly assumes partisan officials who appoint commissioners will select persons of same party, but such selection is not required by law.
Qualifications: No appointed commissioner shall be a current member of Congress. Selection of commissioners: Automatically serve as a commissioner: The governor. The auditor of state. The secretary of state. One commissioner appointed by each of the following: Speaker of the House. President of the Senate. Leader of the largest political party in the House of which the speaker of the House is not a member. Leader of the largest political party in the Senate of which the president of the Senate is not a member.
State senate and house : The politician commission passed Senate and House maps in September Prisoner reallocation: Ohio began reallocating prisoners during the cycle. Summary Through the cycle, the power to draw new district maps in Ohio was divided. It is a multistep process with changing criteria depending on how new maps are ultimately adopted: The legislature has the first chance to draw new congressional districts.
If three-fifths of the members of each chamber of the legislature, including at least half the members of each of the two largest political parties in the chamber, approve of the map, then it becomes law. If by Nov. It may do so by a simple majority vote, but any maps adopted without votes from both parties are only valid for four years and uniquely to these maps cannot be drawn to unduly favor or disfavor a political party or incumbent.
Preservation of the cores of prior districts permitted but not required. State senate : The legislature passed SB in May State house : The legislature passed HB in May Prisoner reallocation: Oklahoma does not reallocate prisoners.
Prohibition on intentionally favoring a party, person or incumbent. Public access and input rules: Public comment and testimony : The legislature or secretary of state must permit and make provisions for people at remote sites throughout the state to give public testimony at the hearings through the use of video equipment.
Public hearings and access : The legislature or secretary of state must hold at least 10 public hearings throughout the state prior to proposing a plan. At least one of the hearings must be in each congressional district in the state. At least one of these hearings must be in an area that has had the largest population shift since the previous reapportionment, and the legislature or secretary of state shall prioritize holding additional hearings in this area.
Notice : Legislature or secretary of state must provide appropriate public notice of the time and location of each hearing. Citizen-initiated review : The state Supreme Court will review the plan if a qualified elector petitions the court on or before Aug. State senate and house : The legislature passed SB in June Public access and input rules: Public hearings and access : Any plan filed by the commission or ordered by the state Supreme Court shall be published by the chief elections officer in at least one newspaper of general circulation in each senatorial and representative district, showing the complete reapportionment plan by district, a map showing districts in the area normally served by the publishing newspaper, and the populations and variations of all districts in the plan legislative only.
Commission composition: Partisan breakdown: None required in statute; functionally, two Democrats, two Republicans and one chair who may be of any or no party. Qualifications: The chair must be a citizen of the commonwealth. The chair may not hold a local, state or federal office that is compensated.
Selection of commissioners: Automatically receive commissioner position as part of their office; if they wish, they may appoint someone to serve in their stead: Senate majority leader. The above four commissioners select a fifth commissioner, who serves as chair.
If they are unable to do so, a majority of the state Supreme Court appoints the chair. The state Supreme Court struck down the entire congressional map in on state constitutional grounds.
A remedial map drawn by a special master was ultimately adopted to replace the map drawn by the legislature in State senate and house : The commission approved final Senate and House maps in , but these were not used until because of the late adoption time.
Prisoner reallocation: Pennsylvania does not reallocate prisoners. Prisoner reallocation: Rhode Island does not reallocate prisoners. The commission consisted of 18 members: Four legislators appointed by the speaker of the House. Two legislators appointed by the minority leader of the House.
Four legislators appointed by the president of the Senate. Two legislators appointed by the minority leader of the Senate.
Three members of the public appointed by the speaker. Three members of the public appointed by the Senate president. In the cycle, the criteria adopted were: Compactness. State senate : The legislature passed S in June State house : The legislature passed H in June Prisoner reallocation: South Carolina does not reallocate prisoners.
Who draws congressional lines: None at-large congressional district. Prisoner reallocation: South Dakota does not reallocate prisoners.
Criteria used legislative only : Contiguity. State senate : The legislature passed SB in January State house : The legislature passed HB in January Prisoner reallocation: Tennessee does not reallocate prisoners. State house: HB preclearance denied. State senate: SB 31 preclearance denied. Remedial Maps : Congressional: SB 4 in effect. State house: SB 3 declared unconstitutional in part by Abbtt v.
Perez ; State senate: SB 2 in effect. Department of Justice or a federal court before it could implement new redistricting maps. After preclearance was initially denied, a federal court in Texas considering a separate challenge to the maps under 14th Amendment and Voting Rights Act grounds adopted maps for both legislative chambers and for congressional seats.
The Texas legislature formally adopted those court-drawn maps via statue in see Remedial maps, above. The remedial maps were challenged in federal court under Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act and the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment.
The trial court held the remedial maps to be in violation of both provisions. In , the Supreme Court reversed, holding only one House district to be a racial gerrymander.
Prisoner reallocation: Texas does not reallocate prisoners. No more than 10 days prior to a legislative vote on a redistricting map: Advisory commission must submit its adopted map for legislative consideration. Criteria used: Preservation of political subdivisions.
Compactness with a caveat if following natural geographic boundaries. Public access and input rules: Public map submissions : The commission must maintain a website or similar electronic platform that allows the public to submit plans or comment on plans and view records of meetings and hearings. The commission may consider any plan submitted to it by any person or organization, and the commission shall make available to the public and other commissioners all plans or elements of plans submitted to them.
Public hearings and access : The commission must hold at least seven public hearings throughout the state related to redistricting, with at least one hearing in different regions and at least one hearing in different categories of counties as defined by Utah law. The commission must adopt a final plan no later than 30 days after the last public hearing.
Commission composition: Partisan breakdown: Two Democrats. Two Republicans. Two persons unaffiliated with either major party. One tiebreaking chair.
Qualifications: To qualify as a commissioner, a nominee may not have been, for at least four years prior to their term: A registered lobbyist. Represented by a lobbyist.
Appointed by the governor or legislature to any public office. A candidate for, or holder of, any political party office. Compensated by a political party, party committee, individual campaign committee or political action committee affiliated with or controlled by an elected official or candidate. Employed in a position reporting directly to an official holding elected office local, state or federal , even if the official was appointed to the elected office.
These prohibitions continue to apply to commissioners for four years following the conclusion of their service on the commission. Selection of commissioners: The governor appoints the commission chair, who functions as the tiebreaker.
The other commissioners are appointed in the following manner: One by the speaker of the House. One by the largest minority party in the House. One by the president of the Senate. One by the largest minority party in the Senate. State senate : S. State house : H. Prisoner reallocation: Utah does not reallocate prisoners. Public access and input rules: Public hearings and access : A copy of the final legislative plan shall be available for public inspection.
No commissioner shall serve as a member or employee of the state legislature. Selection of commissioners: The governor appoints one commissioner from each political party that had at least three legislators, not all from the same county, in office for at least six of the previous 10 years.
Each of the political parties qualifying for a commissioner appointed by the governor appoints a commissioner. The secretary of state serves as the nonvoting secretary of the board. State senate and house : The Vermont Apportionment Board proposed maps to the state legislature in September The legislature passed final maps in April Prisoner reallocation: Vermont does not reallocate prisoners.
Preservation of communities of interest beginning in Prohibition on unduly favoring or disfavoring a political party beginning in Litigation ensued, and in October the map was partially struck down by a federal three-judge panel for the unconstitutional use of race in redistricting.
Supreme Court vacated the ruling and sent it back to the three-judge panel for reconsideration in light of the holding in another recent case. The three-judge panel once again partially struck down the map on the same legal grounds. The congressmembers in the unconstitutional districts appealed the ruling once again to the U. Supreme Court, but their appeal was dismissed by the justices for a lack of standing.
New maps were adopted in by a special master. State senate and house : The legislature passed HB in April , but it was vetoed by the governor. With the two chambers of the legislature controlled by different parties, they were unable to override the veto. Instead, they passed a new bill, HB , later in April Litigation ensued, and in several state House districts were struck down for the unconstitutional use of race in redistricting.
The state House chamber appealed the ruling to the U. Supreme Court, which dismissed the appeal for a lack of standing. New House maps were adopted in by a special master. Commission composition: Partisan breakdown: Two members of the legislature from the majority caucus in the House. Two members of the legislature from the minority caucus in the House. Two members of the legislature from the majority caucus in the Senate.
Two members of the legislature from the minority caucus in the Senate. Two citizen members selected from the pool of applicants put forward by the Speaker of the House. Two citizen members selected from the pool of applicants put forward by the House minority leader. Two citizen members selected from the pool of applicants put forward by the Senate Pro Tem. Two citizen members selected from the pool of applicants put forward by the Senate minority leader. For at least three years preceding appointment to the commission: Must have been a registered voter in Virginia.
Must have voted in at least two of the previous three general elections. Must not have held or sought partisan public office or an office with a political party. Must not have been employed by any political party, political party central committee, or a campaign for any state, federal, or local office.
Must not have been a registered lobbyist or lobbyist's principal as defined in Virginia code. Must not be the parent, spouse, sibling, child, parent-in-law, child-in-law, or sibling-in-law of a person otherwise prohibited from serving as a commissioner.
Selection of commissioners: The legislative members must be appointed no later than December 1 of the year ending in 0.
A committee of retired state court judges is tasked with selecting citizen members of the commission. By November 15 of the year ending in 0, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Virginia must certify to leaders of the majority and minority caucuses of the legislature the names of retired judges willing to serve on the selection committee.
From this list, the majority and minority leaders in each chamber select one retired judge to serve on the committee. Those four retired judges, by a majority vote, select a fifth member from the remaining applicant pool, who shall serve as chair of the selection committee. No later than January 1 of the year ending in 1, the majority and minority leaders in each legislative chamber mentioned in the "partisan breakdown" section above shall each present to the selection committee sixteen names from the pool of qualified applicants to serve as citizen members of the commission.
The selection committee must then select two people from each of the leaders' list of sixteen to serve as a citizen member of the commission. Only a citizen member may serve as chair of the commission. Who draws congressional lines: Washington State Redistricting Commission.
Functionally: Two Democrats, two Republicans and one unaffiliated non-voting chair. Qualifications: Cannot have been, within two years of appointment to the commission: An elected district, county or state party officer. An elected official. Cannot have been, within one year of appointment to the commission, a registered lobbyist. While a commissioner, cannot: Campaign for elective office. Participate in, or donate to, any political campaign for state or federal elective office.
For two years following service on the commission, cannot hold or campaign for congressional or state legislative office. Selection of commissioners: Majority and minority leaders in each chamber of legislature select one registered voter.
Those four select a fifth registered voter to serve as the nonvoting chair. This requirement may be waived by the state legislature. State senate : The legislature passed SB in August
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